This analysis method is mainly used in the fields of safety engineering and reliability engineering to understand how systems can fail, to identify the best ways to reduce risk or to determine (or get a feeling for) event rates of a safety accident or a particular system level (functional) failure. "Fault tree analysis (FTA) is a top down, deductive failure analysis in which an undesired state of a system is analyzed using Boolean logic to combine a series of lower-level events. The vector stencils library "Fault tree analysis diagrams" contains 12 symbols for drawing Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) diagrams. The PFD example "Amine treating unit schematic diagram" was drawn using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Chemical and Process Engineering solution from the Chemical and Process Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. These amines are also used in many oil refineries to remove sour gases from liquid hydrocarbons such as liquified petroleum gas (LPG)." The most commonly used amines in industrial plants are the alkanolamines DEA, MEA, and MDEA. Many different amines are used in gas treating:Īminoethoxyethanol (Diglycolamine) (DGA). Membranes are attractive since no reagents are consumed. An alternative to the use of amines involves membrane technology. Processes within oil refineries or chemical processing plants that remove hydrogen sulfide are referred to as "sweetening" processes because the odor of the processed products is improved by the absence of hydrogen sulfide. It is a common unit process used in refineries, and is also used in petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants and other industries. "Amine gas treating, also known as gas sweetening and acid gas removal, refers to a group of processes that use aqueous solutions of various alkylamines (commonly referred to simply as amines) to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from gases. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. This PFD sample was redesigned from the Wikimedia Commons file: AmineTreating.png. It is used in oil refineries and chemical plants. This process flow diagram (PFD) example shows an amine treating system for the removal of gaseous hydrogen sulfide from gas streams. The chart example "Petroleum products yielded from one barrel of crude oil" was created using the ConceptDraw PRO diagramming and vector drawing software extended with the Divided Bar Diagrams solution from the Graphs and Charts area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrocracking and hydrodesulfurization." Carbon, in the form of petroleum coke, and hydrogen may also be produced as petroleum products. Since petroleum often contains a few percent sulfur-containing molecules, elemental sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. These fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. The largest share of oil products is used as "energy carriers", i.e. The majority of petroleum is converted to petroleum products, which includes several classes of fuels.Īccording to the composition of the crude oil and depending on the demands of the market, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. Unlike petrochemicals, which are a collection of well-defined usually pure chemical compounds, petroleum products are complex mixtures. "Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. It was drawn using data from the chart on the California Energy Almanac website. This divided bar chart sample shows the petroleum products yielded from 1 barrel of crude oil in California in 2004.
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